Essay --

With the development of technologies, Cyber Attacks have been increased rapidly in the past few years. Probability of causing damage to critical state infrastructure like nuclear or defense system, air traffic control, other governmental institutions, business and citizens leads to the problematic issue of its attribution, which is being highly debated in international Law. This Article by Nicholas Tsagourias makes contribution in that debate and revolves around the question of ascription of cyber-attacks as an armed attack and the right of self defense by the victim state in response to such attacks. However, the law of war requires that the cyber-attack must be attributed before a counterattack is permitted. This Article critically evaluates different obstacles of attribution like anonymity (determination of attacker’s identity), attack from different jurisdictions, and presentation of evidence in order to exercise the right of self defense by throwing the light on various political, technical and legal aspects. Context Article 51 preserves the "right of individual or collective self defense if an armed attack occurs..." Therefore, the right of self defense can be exercised when an issue becomes complicated and reaches to a particular level of intensity between states or a state and organized and identified group, which may result into injuries of individuals and destruction of objects and properties. But in cyber-attack, chances are less to cause immediate human injuries. The author of the article provides brief detail on some important issues for example how to deal with a cyber-attack by a non-state actor. So this essay emphasizes that Cyber warfare laws require more development and a proper framework because states may fea... ... the response of armed attack, Burdon of proof and the state control over its entities. International Court of Justice in Nicaragua Cas holds that a state is liable for the actions of â€Å"paramilitaries or non-State actors only if the actors in question act in ‘complete dependence’ on the state. Whereas the opposing â€Å"overall control† standard set forth in Prosecutor v. Tadic which holds that â€Å"where a State has a role in organizing, coordinating, and providing support for a group, the group’s acts are attributable to the State. International Law has different view on burden of proof. ICJ has made criticism on the concept of overall control because there was no effective control by the Serbian government over the acts took place. Its finding regarding the culpability of Serbia was, Serbia’s guilt must be proven beyond any doubt, rather than beyond a reasonable doubt.

Language, Gender, and Slang

If the feminist critique of language is correct, and much of language reflects and embodies masculine and male experience (Cameron 1998, 9), then it should come as no surprise that slang, which is one particular mode of language, should reflect the same masculine and male experience.   However, it seems that little quantitative research had been done on slang directly until relatively recently. The first study was Kutner and Brogan’s research (1974), just over 30 years ago.   The object of this study is to test my peer’s knowledge of slang, and how aware they are of its usage.   One of the common ideas about slang is that slang words change fast, from generation to another;   the other is that slang is not mainstream. But where it comes to gender and slang, slang words have proven rather stable and common, even the vulgar slang – being a virgin or a whore has had meaning since time immemorial.But first, I will define slang and give a little bit of backgro und about its study since the 1970’s. What is slang?   Slang refers to worlds and dialects that are not used in mainstream culture.   As such, it can be the marker of a subculture, or of areas of discourse or ideas that are taboo in mainstream thinking.   A subset of slang are what we normally take to be slang, namely vulgar, sexualized, or derogatory language.   For the purposes of this paper, we will focus on slang that has a particularly gendered aspect – that is, words that are used to designate â€Å"male† and â€Å"female† genders in slang language.   These slang words include, but are not limited to: Chick, bitch, babe, and guy, dude, and stud. The fact that these slang words are common where it comes to talking about the relationships between the sexes, on topics such as sexual attraction and gender relations (activities and relationships).According to Flexher (1975), who produced the first dictionary of slang, the use of slang and the c reation of new slang is almost exclusively the purview of males (xii).   Women tend to use the language that is invented for them by males.   This may account for the disbalance of terms in a gendered distribution:   there are more slang terms to designate female or feminine behaviors, and more of these terms are negative, and much more negative than its male/masculine counterpart:   for example, compare bitch and asshole.   First off, you would almost never call a man a bitch unless you were trying to feminize him, but you can call women assholes without masculinizing them.   Second, bitch has a more negative charge than asshole, which might even carry a positive charge.   These are just some informal observations that may or may not holdup under the scrutiny of a quantitative study.Males may use slang more because they are more at home in all of language, and so this violation of language norms becomes possible.   There is a sense in which the use of slang is a dar ing thing to do, and doing brave things is consistent with masculine patterns of behavior and development.   Young women tend to want to abide by the rule, be these rules linguistic or otherwise.   That they are already not wholly at home in language means that they already risk not communicating, which does not afford them the room to play with language in the daring way that slang demands.   In this same vein, the use of profane language is more expected and praised of boys and men than it is of girls and women.These ideas, which could be summarized as the general thesis that gender slang is the domain of males is one that has come to be evidenced and accepted by many scholars, women, men, feminist and not, since the 1970’s.   For example, one study quoted in the text (Stanley, 1977) found that whereas there were 220 ways to designate woman in English slang, there were only 22 comparable ways to designate men.   More interesting is that both men and women share th e use of these same terms – there are not two set of slang terms, each appropriate for each gender, but only one that is determined and reflect men’s experience.   This has lead some feminists to argue that women need to develop and independent lexicon (see Irigaray in the Cameron, 1998).   And while this disparity is completely obvious once you start to think about it and investigate language and slang use, it seems to be rather transparent to the everyday language user – or at least, this is what this project has set out to test.BibliographyCameron, Deborah.   (1998) The Feminist Critique of Language.   New York, Routledge.de Klerk, V. (1992). How taboo are taboo words for girls? Language in Society, 21, 277-289.Eckert and McConnell-Ginet. (2003)   Language and Gender.   New York:   Cambridge University Press.Flexner, S. B. (1975). Preface to the dictionary of American slang. In H. Wentworth & S. B. Flexner (Eds.), Dictionary of American slang. N ew York: Thomas Y. Crowell.Kutner, N. G., & Brogan, D. (1974). An investigation of sex-related slang vocabulary and sex-role orientation among male and female university students. J of Marr and the Family, 36, 474-484.Risch, B. (1987). Women's derogatory terms for men: That's right, â€Å"dirty† words. Language in Society, 16, 353-358.

Middle East History

The Rumor of Rapists Luring Victims With a Crying Child

Several viral messages that have been circulating, through email and social media since 2005, claim that gang members in various parts of the world have begun using crying children. This claim surrounds the idea that they are pretending to be lost or in distress to lure female victims to secluded places to be assaulted. Police have repeatedly stated that there is no evidence that such tactics are being used by rapists. This viral text and email rumor is considered false and includes several examples over the years, with versions from 2005, 2011, and 2014. See these versions below, review the analysis of the rumor, and learn how viral rape warnings can be misleading. The 2014 Example As Shared on Facebook ATTENTION ALL GIRLS AND LADIES:If you walk from home, school, office or anywhere and you are alone and you come across a little boy crying holding a piece of paper with an address on it, DO NOT TAKE HIM THERE! Take him straight to the police station for this is the new gang way of Kidnap and rape. The incident is getting worse. Warn your families and friends.Repost this please! The 2011 Example As Received Through Email FW: Fox News Alert - Please Read!FROM CNN FOX NEWSThis is from the County Sheriff Department please read this message very carefully.This message is for any lady who goes to work, college or school or even driving or walking the streets alone.-If you find a young person crying on the road showing you their address and is asking you to take them to that address... take that child to the POLICE STATION!! No matter what you do, DONT go to that address. This is a new way for gang members to rape women. Please forward this message to all ladies guys so that they can inform their sisters friends. Please dont feel shy to forward this message. Our 1 message may save a life. Published by CNN FOX NEWS (Please circulate)..**Please DO NOT IGNORE! The 2005 Example As Delivered by Email Subject: New Rape Case TacticHi everyone, I am not sure when did this happen, but it is best to be careful and safety comes first.She was just discharged from the hospital...Today after office hours, I heard from my sister-in-law that there is a new way to rape women It happened to one of our good friends The girl left the office after working hours and saw a little child crying on the road Feeling pity for the child, she went and ask what happened The child said, I am lost. Can you take me home please? Then the child gave her a slip and tell the girl where the address is. And the girl, being an average kind person, didnt suspect anything and took the child there.And there when it arrived the childs home, she pressed the door bell, yet she was shocked as it the bell was wired with high voltage, and fainted. The next day when she woke up, she found herself in an empty house up in the hills, naked.She has never even get to see the face of the attacker... Thats why nowadays crimes are t argeted on kind peopleNext time if the same situation occurs, never bring the child to the intended place. If the child insist, then bring the child to the police station. Lost child are best to send to police stations.Please send this to all your female friends.(my extra note: guys, please tell your mom, your sister, your wife and your girlfriends too!) Analysis of the Viral Message Rumors Even though recent variants of this rumor have been shared under the guise of police warnings or sheriffs department warnings, no reports have been found. This includes documented cases in which rapists actually used, or even attempted to use, crying children as bait to lure female victims. Law enforcement officials have repeatedly denounced these warnings as hoaxes. The earliest version of the hoax was forwarded in 2005 by a reporter in Singapore who had already identified it as an urban legend. Within a month it had made its way to South Africa, and by May 2005 more copies began to circulate from readers in the United States. As of 2013, eight years later, law enforcement agencies were still fielding inquiries about it from El Paso to Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Viral Rape Warnings Can Be Misleading and Dangerous People sometimes defend viral warnings like these by arguing that, even if false in their particulars, they remind women to keep their wits about them and be careful and that it cant hurt. What weakens that argument is that the false warnings are, in fact, specific. To the degree that potential victims are persuaded to focus their attention on a crying child as a sign that an attacker may be nearby, the more likely it is that theyll be inattentive to other cues, such as real cues, that theyre in danger.

Persuasive Essay On Refugees - 973 Words

According to UNHCR, a refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so. War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence are leading causes of refugees fleeing their countries. When people flee their own country, and seek sanctuary in another country, they apply for asylum – the right to be recognized as a refugee and receive legal protection and material assistance. An asylum seeker must demonstrate that his or her fear of persecution in his or her home country is†¦show more content†¦On the one hand, countries such as Sweden or Germany proclaimed themselves in favor of accepting refugees, which was in accordance with international obligations. On the other hand, the V4 countries (Czech Republic, Hung ary, Poland and Slovakia) were definitely for tightening their boundaries and for helping the refugees only in the places they actually were. In the attempts to â€Å"manage the immigrant crisis† several strategic mistakes have been made, which have shaken the functioning of migration policy in the European community. Particular controversy was stirred up by a plan for the relocation of 120,000 refugees suggested in September 2015. Some months later (April/May 2016), the European Commission came up with the idea of fines for those countries which would not receive the relocated refugees. The fine for one unaccepted foreigner was supposed to be â‚ ¬250,000. The attempt to impose a quota of immigrants on member countries together with high fines contributed to further divisions inside the EU. Freely accepting the migrants would be a much better solution. Moreover, distribution of refugees calculated according to host country population or gross domestic product was a gross simplification and unworkable. Also, possibilities of integration of the migrants in particular countries should be taken into consideration. Equally important is the dialogue of all the 28 EU member countries concerning common solutions for asylum policy. Additionally, theShow MoreRelatedRefugees Persuasive Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesRefugees should be allowed into the United States under certain conditions only, including a positive background, Eligible for a job and will respect our nation as well as the people in it. Just imagine that your little town is being attacked or even a natural disaster may be occurring and having nowhere to go, what would you do? How would you survive? By the US starting to turn away refugees thousands of peoples lives are being taken away when we could easily be help ing them out by taking themRead MorePersuasive Essay On Refugees1096 Words   |  5 Pageshomework that I am having trouble with, but refugees are truly in desperate need for help. They are having a rough time in their own country maybe because of war. They are forced to leave to country if the want to be safe. They will life so they can continue to have their life and make it a good one. To be called a refugee is the opposite of an insult; it is a badge of strength , courage, and victory. This quote was from the Tennessee Official For Refugees. This is a good quote because if you wereRead MorePersuasive Essay On Refugees1331 Words   |  6 PagesAlone? Scared? And very worried. That would be hard wouldnt it. Would you want a home? Mr. Trump has been a target for many people involving refugees and the people coming into our country. So many people in our country talk about this issue everyday about letting people into our country and the decisions are very split. The United States should accept refugees under the following conditions, if they have a clean criminal record, if they are children and if they have a plan for a job. Because if theyRead MoreThe Syrian Refugee Crisis869 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowth of a person, but in a much more metaphysical fashion. To give an example, throughout this performance task, I have evolved as a writer, student, and team member. This is clearly exemplified through the steps my team and I took to complete this essay. We began with plainly discussing all of my members’ ideas, eventually deciding our top three topic choices. Finally, we chose the Syrian refugee crisis as our paper’s topic. From there, we decided that the whole crisis was too broad and I alreadyRead MoreMy Journey Through Writer’S Composition Has Been A Rocky1213 Words   |  5 Pagesbut from these experiences I have grown as a writer overall. The essays I have written for this course demonstrate that I have developed critical thinking and have shown minor improvements in my communication skills. They also demonstrate that though I have made some progress in personal responsibility and general writing skills, I still have work to do. From Writer’s Composition Two, I have developed an understanding of persuasive writing, and I now am able to pick a topic or a claim and argue itRead MoreThe Syrian Refugee And Migration Crisis1423 Words   |  6 Pagestheoretical perspectives or paradigms: realist, liberal -pluralist and critical† (Goldstein et al., 4) This essay will examine two of the three main theoretical perspectives explained in Goldstein et al.’s academic textbook; namely, realist and liberal-pluralist and subsequently match them with the viewpoints expressed in two news articles written on the Syrian refugee and migration crisis. This essay will analyze the article by Canadian Press for the Huffington Post and the article by Patrick KingsleyRead MoreLogical Fallacies. Logical Fallacies Can Be Found In Many1288 Words   |  6 PagesPost Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc. The Slippery Slope relies on the faulty conclusion that a small change â€Å"will inevitably lead to large changes that are widely recognized as undesirable† (Gunderman). A Slippery Slope example is: if we let in more Syrian refugees we will inevitably let in many terrorists and then American will fall under terrorist control. Another illegitimate argument Logical Fallacy is the Hasty Generalization. This fallacy relies on â€Å"insufficient or biased inf ormation† the conclusion isRead MoreThreats to Bioreserves4807 Words   |  20 PagesAbstract Eight global crises – human economy, climate change, exponential human population growth, ecological overshoot, biotic impoverishment and the reduction of biodiversity, renewable resource depletion, energy allocation, and environmental refugees – affect each other and affect and are affected by the biosphere. Some, perhaps all, are close to tipping points that, if tipped, will result in irreversible change. And yet, no sense of urgency is apparent. If any one of the eight interactive crisesRead More The Relationship of Photographs, History, and Memory Essay5378 Words   |  22 PagesThe Relationship of Photographs, History, and Memory Abstract: This essay reflects on the relationship of photographs, history, and memory based on a found and mutilated photo album. Photographs provide opportunities for disrupting and restructuring history with their attraction to memory; they privilege the subjective, creative power of the personal explanation and provide an emotional and even ideological grounding for memory. Photographs as manifestations of memory assist in the processRead MoreLetter From Gloria Naylor s Mama Day2479 Words   |  10 Pagesillustrates her women as the commanding forces in the socio-religious, cultural and familial facets. The novel originates with the characterization of Sapphira Wade and her ancestral heritage in Willow Springs where she is being pictured as the most persuasive and potent woman with the efficacy of magic: She could walk through a lighting storm without being touched; grab a bolt of lightning in the palm of her hand; use the heat of lightning to start the kindling going under her medicine pot; depending

Performance & Quality EvaluationHim Department Quality Plan

Question: Scenario: You have just been hired as the HIM Quality Coordinator. This is a new position in the HIM Department. Your job tasks read as follows: Develop and implement the HIM Department Quality Plan Develop data collection, date analysis, and data presentation tools for use in the quality plan. Report findings to the HIM Director, Administration, Medical Staff Director, and Medical Staff Committees as appropriate. Answer: New plan suggested for HIM department As a HIM quality coordinator of hospital, the new plan suggested is electronic based database and HIE. Electronic database process will help in storing all information in a hierarchy manner. Apart from this, it will also help in managing and checking other processes. Human information exchange process will help quality management. And they will also help in maintaining other attributes. Apart from this, HIE process will also help in auditing process of every element. Regarding the scanning backlog the new plan suggested is electronic database system and other related database (Armentrout Armentrout, 2009). On the other hand, billing system of hospital can be improved by this electronic database system. Bills information is stored in system, then depositing due date can be recognized easily. The coding system can be improved by providing training to new employees. It will help new employees to know about organization and their working. In addition to this, their roles and responsibil ities should also be taught them properly. On the other hand, information release process can be improved by online database system or electronic database system. This process will help to store all information properly and can be extracted also easily. The other process, that is, transcription process or outsourcing process. It can be improved by providing proper requirement details. And it will help Insourcing Company to know about demand and delivery as per it. Apart from it new employees should be provided proper initial training about their duties. People involved in new plan The people involved in this plan will be every employee present in organization. As mentioned by Ansel (2010), new plan implemented can only be successful. When all employees are involved in coordination. The structure of the people involved in this organization are as Diagram 1: People involved in implementation process of new plan in organization Reporting mechanism According to this new plan, the reporting will be done to head of the organization at last. But, before that all departments will be updated. For example, suppose pharmaceutical department of hospitals bills are to be paid in two days. Then the information will be displayed in reminder in all department and mainly in billing department. After the clearing of bills. They will be updated in database (Fottler et al., 2010). And at the end this report will be shown to head of department and organization. Reporting in new plans will be done in database and information will be updated. Then final report will be displayed to all departments. Reporting person or department After the implementation of new plans in system, the reporting style will also be changed. In context to this (Blair et al., 2011) stated, changes in policies and working style help in improving quality of work and others. So, the new plan will change support system in organization. The new plan in every department will help their working environment and style. For example, coding department changes other support system. The training is the suggested method for coding system. Training will help every coder to improve the productivity and performance. Apart from this, it will also help other systems of hospital. Estimated accuracy rates The estimated accuracy rates of these new plans are much better than old plans. As mentioned in case study, the main problem in organization is due to information improper storage and maintenance. So, is information is stored properly, quality of organization will be improved. Methods used for solving problem To solve the problem new plan implementation is very important in the organization. The training process will help their new and old employees. In case of old employees, training will work as a motivational factor (Horowitz, 2010). On the other hand, training in case of new employees, will help them as positive factor. Training will help new employees to know about their duties and responsibilities. Outcome from monitoring process The outcome of monitoring process is as- it will help to analyse the working process of organization. It will also help in gap analysis process (Zafar, 2013). Apart from this, monitoring process will help in evaluating the complete support process of organization. For example, coding system monitoring help in knowing the error and fault, while code developing and execution. Monitoring process frequency Monitoring process in hospital should be conducted regularly. In case of information and data, monitoring should be done daily. Day to day monitoring of information will help to know about mistakes and error. On the other hand, in case of system and organisational process, monitoring should be done regularly basis. Reporting process frequency or duration The reporting process of will help to create report of the monitoring process. And it will help to analyse current performance with past performance. And it will also help in analysing the working style and environment effect on organizational performance. Investigation process As mentioned by (Ginter et al., 2013), investigation process is also one of the monitoring process. It helps to know about performance of organization and their support system. This process will also help in analysing the complete organizational process and culture. Quality building process in new plan The new plan will help in improving the quality of the organizational working level and others (Hefner et al., 2014). As the main focus of new plan is on quality improvement and productivity improvement of hospital. Problems as per priority As per the problems stated in case study, the priority list of these problems are as Organizational experts should try to clear due bills and implement the new plan as soon as possible. Coding system should be improved, as other systems are based on it. Scanning of information and data should be done properly The release of the information help organization to coordinate their work. So it should be improved. Later on, organization should improve their outsourcing process. References Ansel, H. (2010). Pharmaceutical calculations. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Armentrout, D., Armentrout, P. (2009). The hospital. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Pub. Blair, J., Fottler, M., Savage, G. (2011). Biennial review of health care management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Fottler, M., Khatri, N., Savage, G. (2010). Strategic human resource management in health care. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Ginter, P., Duncan, W., Swayne, L. (2013). Strategic management of health care organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Wiley. Hefner, J., Huerta, T., McAlearney, A. (2014) Population health management in health care organizations. Horowitz, M. (2010). Health care management. New York: Ferguson. Zafar, H. (2013). Human resource information systems: Information security concerns for organizations. Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), 105-113. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.06.010

Machiavelli And Plato Essays - Italian Politicians, Machiavellianism

Machiavelli And Plato Niccolio Machiavelli (Born May 3rd, 1469 1527 Florence, Italy.) His writings have been the source of dispute amongst scholars due to the ambiguity of his analogy of the Nature of Politics and the implication of morality. The Prince, has been criticised due to its seemingly amoral political suggestiveness, however after further scrutiny of other works such as The Discourses, one can argue that it was Machiavellis intention to infact imply a positive political morality. Therefore the question needs to be posed. Is Machiavelli a political amoralist? To successfully answer this it is essential to analyse his version of political structure to establish a possible bias. It would also be beneficial to discuss and compare another philosophers account to the nature of politics, and in this instance I have chosen the works of Plato in particular The Republic, establishing a comparison to define whom has the more convincing argument and why? Machiavelli lived amidst a deteriorating, corrupt, totalitarian, 16th Century political infrastructure when The Prince was composed. Its original intention was simply to influence Lorenzo The Magnificent son of Piero Di Medici in the hope for possible appointment within public office. The Prince is therefore merely suggestions on possible theories in terms of a governing policy.He does not infer that this account is the be all and end all of successful rule and acknowledges himself as a humble man who has taken the time to study the deeds of great men to form an ideology that can be taken by the reader, in this case Lorenzo Medici as he interprets it.He does not claim to have the answer to politics just a different perspective by way of analyses of the past and present. I have been unable to find among my possessions anything, which I hold so dear or esteem so highly as that knowledge of the deeds of great men, which I have acquired through a long experience of modern events and a co nstant study of the past. (Social and Political Philosophy. Somerville and Santoni p.101) It is from this initial examination of politics from a purely scientific and rational perspective that Machiavelli has been named the founder of analysing politics as a science. However his reputation has been unfairly appointed due to a misinterpretation of his work. If read in context The Prince is a dissection of reasoning in relation to the success or demise within a governing body (central power) and suggests potential strategies to insure a successful unified central power. It is essential prior to judgement on whether Machiavelli is a political amoralist or not to take into account The Discourses and the essence of their meaning. The Prince alone I grant can be mistaken for a how-to-be-a tyrant handbook with its absolute theories and some what lack of civility, where the end justifies the means. But its intention is assuming the political leader is already of moral standing and possess s uch qualities of integrity and virtue to be expected of one in the position of leadership. Everybody sees what you appear to be,few feel what you are,and those few will not dare to oppose themselves to the many,who have the majesty of the state to defend them;and in the actions of men,and especially of princes,from which there is no appeal, the end justifies the means Thus it is well to seem merciful,faithful humane,sincere,religious and also to be so. Effectively what seems as ruling with an iron fist is best expressed in terms of need. The 16th Century political unrest Machiavelli is influenced by would best be unified by such absolute power due to its degradation and lack of structure. So therefore it would not be seen as immoral with respect to its time. And looking at it from a wider more advanced perspective although the technique may appear rigid if it creates the desired unification of Italy and a situation where the people have stability and social, political and economical order, it is then just the process that has been judged as immoral but not the outcome. In the introduction of The Discourses writes, Although the envious nature of men, so prompt to blame and so slow to praise, makes the discovery and introduction